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Ka itiye ku namba mi bedo ikind ju ACS, kyewe keni kara wabed ku twero mi ketho akaunti eni i dul peri. (Iromo weko)
ACS tero bedo peri giri. Ka ioro lembe peri, icopo cidho i C&EN man icopo winjo lembe mwa mi yenga ku yenga. Watiyo ku lembe ma imiyo ni medo ngec peri mi kwanu, man wabi ketho ngo lembe peri ni dhanu mange.
I 2005, dul madit mi piny ma dhanu tiyo kudu Colgate-Palmolive uweko tic mi lwoko bongo mi North America ni lworo piny macalo Fab man Dynamo ni Phoenix Brands. I ngei oro adek, kampuni madit mange mi wil piny ma dhanu tiyo kudu, Unilever, ucwalu piny pare mi lwoko bongo mi Amerika ma uketho i iye All man Wisk ni Sun Products.
Wil pa tic pare ni kampuni ario ma nok uketho P&G's market ma malu i US laundry detergent udoko tek. Ber pa lembe, Procter & Gamble unyutho ngo loc.
Andha, i 2014, Alan G. Lafley, ma eca ubedo CEO pa Procter & Gamble (P&G), ugam ung'eyo nia Unilever uweko tic pare. En uwaco ni eturo soko mi kind soko mi detergent, ma uketho piny pa P&G ubedo i soko ma malu, man emiyo piny ma piny ku juwil adek. Procter & Gamble ubedo jumalworo piny ma dhanu ngeyo maber calu Tide and Gain. Etiye ku 60% pa tic mi lwoko bongo mi US, ento eni ubedo tic ma ucungo, man etiye ku tung tung madit mi bei ikind piny pa kampuni ku ju wadi.
I ngei oro acel, acel ikin ju wadi, kampuni mi Germany Henkel, uloko lembe. Dul ne ukelo jamb lwoko piny maber pa Europe ma julwongo ni Persil i ngom mi Amerika, ma kwong eca jucwalu kende kende nikadhu kud i Wal-Mart, man i ngeye jucake i duka ma calu Target. I 2016, Henkel umedire ku loko lembe ni wilo Sun Products.
Caku pa Persil udwoko kero pa tic mi lwoko bongo, ento ecopu bedu nyap uloyu ma Lafley uparu. I Dwi mir Abic mukadho, kinde ma gazeti mi "Consumer Report" uketho nying acel pa piny manyen pa Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, piny maber loyo i Amerika, en ku judongo mange mi P&G umaku gi ungwel. Kwero mi ketho Tide i kabedo mir aryo pi tyen acel ikind oro madwong.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) udwoko piny migi mir acel ma pire tek ma julwongo ni Tide Ultra Stain Release i 2016. Dul ne uwaco ni gi medo surfactants man giwodho pii moko, ma ukelo wil ma tek man ma rwinyo ma copo konyo kwanyu rangi. Magajin ne uwacu ni piny ne ubedo wi piny ma juwilo i Consumer Reports, kadi nya epe ku wel ma pire tek.
Consumer Reports uketho Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent man Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 calu jam lwoko bongo maber loyo i ngom mi Amerika. C&EN bi ngiyo piny ma nyayu two eni, karacelu ku tic migi man ju ma yiku gi.
Consumer Reports uketho Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent man Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 calu jam lwoko bongo maber loyo i ngom mi Amerika. C&EN bi ngiyo piny ma nyayu two eni, karacelu ku tic migi man ju ma yiku gi.
Udong kawoni ni wacu ka Henkel bi ketho P&G ikum juruwil mi Amerika ma gi wilo jam lwoko bongo maber. Ento ka P&G's formulation chemists giwinjo marac pi bedu ma jurupyem ope, jubi weko gi woko.
Shoaib Arif, jatel wi tic mi tic man mi tic i Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, onyutho nia i ngom mi Amerika, Tide ku Persil gibedo piny maber pi tic man jucopo poko gi i rwom angwen. Pi oro madwong, Arif ku jururyeko mange mi Pilot gikonyo kampuni madwong mi jam ot ni yubu jam lwoko bongo manyen man jam lwoko bongo mukende.
I soko ma piny, etiye detergent maber akeca. Ni lubre ku Arif, ecopu bedu ku surfactant ma wel pare yot, calu linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) man bende wil man rangi. I ng'eye, piny ma jutiyo kudu copo medo surfactant adjuvants nyo builders, calu sodium citrate, tackifier man surfactant mir aryo.
LABS ubedo anionic surfactant, ma ber pi kwanyu piny ma nyai kud i bongo man tiyo maber iwi bongo mi pamba. Surfactant mir aryo ma pol ubedo ethanol ethoxylate, non-ionic surfactant, ma tiyo maber uloyu LABS, asaga pi kwanyu moo man lum kud i jam piny ma juyubu.
I dul mir adek, ju ma timo formula copo medo optical brighteners i bei ma piny. Jam tic eni mako ler pa ultraviolet man eweko i kabedo ma rangi pa polo ni weko kendi nen maleng. Surfactants maber, chelating agents, builders mukende man anti-redeposition polymers nwangre pol kare i kit ma kumeno, ma copo mako lum kud i pii mi lwoko piny kara kud edok iwi bongo kendu.
Jam lwoko piny ma wel migi tek utiye ku rwom ma malu pa surfactant man kit surfactants mange matung tung, calu alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps man cations. Polymers ma mako ngom ma leng (moko juyike pi kampuni macalo Procter & Gamble man Henkel) man enzymes de gipodho i dul eni.
Ento, Arif ukwayu nia coko piny ma jucwalo kelo peko pare gire. I rwom moku, yubu jamb lwoko piny ubedo ngec mi ryeko, man ju ma gisomo lembe ikum kemikol gingeyo ber pa jamb lwoko piny, calu tic pa surfactants.
En uwacu: "Ento, ka juyubu formula, piny eni zo bibedo ku adwogi ikumgi gigi, man icopo ngo ni nyang ango ma formula mir ajiki bi timo." "Icopo temo ni neno ka etiwu i kwo mandha."
Ku lapor, surfactants man builders copo juku tic pa enzyme, Arif uwacu. Ju ma yiku jam lwoko bongo copo tiyo ku enzyme stabilizers (macalu sodium borate man calcium formate) mi cobo peko eni.
Franco Pala, jagor madit mi Battelle's World Detergent Project, onyuthu nia surfactant madwong ma nwangire i detergent mabecu copo kelo peko. "Epe yot ni medu surfactants madwong i rwom ma malu," Pala onyutho. Solubility doko peko, man timo marac ikind surfactants de doko peko.
Yub pa Battelle ma dhanu mapol utelo wigi ma Pala utelo wigi ucaku i acaki pa 1990s ku nyang ikum kit ma piny madongo ma jutiyo kudu pi lwoko piny i ng'om zoo. Battelle tiyo ku jam tic matung tung mi ngec mi konyo wegi piny man juwil piny ma jucwalo ni kadhu ikum piny ma jutiyo kudu pi nyang, calu, rwom pa ethoxylation pa surfactants nyo ka surfactant backbone utiye linear nyo branched.
Para uwaco ni tin, polymers ubedo piny ma pire tek ma kelo aloka loka i jam lwoko bongo. Ku lapor, piny pa Tide ku Persil zo gitiye ku polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ma en e polymer ma mako dhuny ma BASF pi Procter & Gamble utimo, ento kawoni dong juyubu piny mapol ni ju ma yiku jam lwoko bongo.
Pala onyuthu nia terephthalic acid copolymers de nwangire i detergents moko maber, ma bi umo bongo ikare mi lwoko bongo, ma weko bedu yot ni kwanyu rangi man dhuny ikare mi lwoko. Battelle tiyo ku jam tic macalo gel permeation chromatography ni poko kind polymers man etiyo ku infrared spectroscopy ni ngeyo kit ma gi nen kudu.
Yub pa Battelle de ketho cwinye ikum enzymes, ma ubedo piny ma juyubu ku piny ma kwo ma ju ma yiku gi mediri ka medo ber pa piny migi kubang oro. Mi ngiyo tic pa enzyme, dul pa Pala uketho enzyme i substrate ma tye ku chromophore. Ka enzyme unyotho substrate, chromophore juwodho man jupimu ku absorption nyo fluorescence spectroscopy.
Proteases ma nyayu ret ikum proteins ubedo enzymes mir acel maju medo i detergents i thum pa 1960s. I ngeye enzymes ma ju medo i arsenal uketho i iye amylase, ma nyayu starch, man mannanase, ma nyayu thickeners pi guar gum. Ka cam ma tye ku guar (macalu ice cream man barbecue sauce) upoto iwi bongo, chewing gum bibedo iwi bongo kadi nangu ju lwoko. Juyike i bongo man jutiyo kudu calu glue pi lum ma nyai, ma weko rangi ma tek ni kwanyu.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 man Tide Ultra Stain Release zo gitiye ku protease, amylase man mannanase.
Persil de utiye ku lipase (ma copo nyotho moo) man cellulase (ma copo bedu maleng ku hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds moko in cotton fiber) mi kwanyu lum ma ucungo ikum fiber. Cellulase copo ketho pamba doko mayom man miyo rangi pare bedo maleng. I saa marom, nimakere ku waraga mi twero, piny ma pire tek pa tidal detergent utiye glucanase, ma copo nyotho polysaccharides ma amylase copo nyotho ngo.
Novozymes ku DuPont gibedo ju ma timo enzymes, ento BASF kawoni umondo i tic i ayi pa proteases. I coko mi piny mi lwoko piny ma jutimo i Germany i thum pa oro mukadho, BASF uketho cing ikum rwom pa protease manyen ku polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ewacu ni rwom ne mio tic maber ni juwil ma mitu yiku jam lwoko piny pi lwoko piny i lyethu ma nok.
I andha, Arif ku ju mukende ma gineno lembe mi soko giwacu niya weko ju ma yiku jam lwoko piny ni yiku piny ma mitu tic ku mac manok nyo gwoko kwo pa piny kud i piny ma wok kud i ngom ubedo lembe ma lubo i tic eni. I Dwi mir Abic mi oro mukadho, P&G ucaku tic ku Tide Purclean, kit piny moko ma pire tek, ma 65% pa piny ma jutiyo kudu ai kud i yen. I ngeye, i dwi mir apar, Unilever ugamu Seventh Generation, ju ma yiku jam lwoko lum man piny mukende mi yweyu, mi dok i soko mi jam lwoko piny mi US.
Kadok nwangu loko piny maber uloyu ni detergents ma jumiyo igi foc ubedo lembe matek, "lembe ma kawoni utiye ma rwinyo," Arif uwacu. "Juwil gibepenjo kumae, 'Wacopo timo nenedi piny ma wok kud i ngom ma rac ungo ni dhanu man kabedu, ento podi timo tic maber?"