Factory mi cement calu ma ju nyuthu kany ubedo piny madit ma nyayu lyethu pa piny. Ento moko pa piny ma rac eni jucopo loko gi ni piny manyen ma tiyo kudu. Kadu eni copu bedu maber pi oro madwong nyo makadhu.
Eni ubedo lembe mange ikind lembe ma nen ikum diro manyen man timo ma copo dwoko piny aloka loka pa kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu, jwigo adwogi pare, nyo konyo dhanu ni kwo ku lembe ma lokore pio pio.
Tic ma wodhu carbon dioxide (CO2), ma en e yamu ma nyayu lyethu, konyo i lyethu pa yamu mi ng'om. Paru mi kwanyo CO2 kud i yamu man kano epe manyen. Ento timo ne tek, asaga ka dhanu copo wilu. Yore manyen loko peko pa CO2 pollution i yore mukende. Eloko yamo ma nyayu lyethu pa piny ni moo.
I nindo 15 mi Dwi mir Aparacel, ju ma timo sayusac kud i Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) i Cambridge gi goyo adwogi migi ma nyen i gazeti mi Cell Reports Physical Science.
Lembe migi manyen jupoko i dul aryo. Thenge mir acel uketho i iye loko carbon dioxide kud i yamu ni molecule ma julwongo formate mi yubu moo. Calu carbon dioxide, formate utiye ku atom acel pa carbon man atom aryo pa oxygen, man atom acel pa hydrogen. Formate de utiye ku piny mukende mapol. Somo manyen ne otiyo ku formate salt, ma juyubu kud i sodium nyo potassium.
Pol pa fuel cells tiyu ku hydrogen, yamo ma wang ma mito paip man tank ma tek pi tero. Ento, fuel cells copo tiyo ku formate. Formate utiye ku tego ma rom ku pa hydrogen, ni lubre ku Li Ju, jagor mi piny ma telo wi dongo pa piny manyen. Formate utiye ku bero moku ikum hydrogen, Li Ju uwacu. Etiye maber man emito ngo ka gwoko piny ma tek.
Ju ma timo sayusac i MIT gicaku fuel cell pi temo formate, ma giwodho kud i carbon dioxide. Mir acel, gi rubu kadu ku pii. I ngeye jubolo jamb piny ne i fuel cell. I kind fuel cell, formate uweko electrons i reaction mi kemikol. Electrons eni giwok kud i electrode ma rac pa fuel cell ni electrode maber, ma gi daru circuit pa mac. Electrons ma mol-ma ubedo kero pa mac-ubedo nuti pi sawa 200 i saa mi temo.
Zhen Zhang, jangeyo lembe ikum piny ma tiyo ku Li i MIT, utiye ku gen ni jutic pare bibedo ku copo mi medo ngec manyen ikind oro apar.
Jururieko mi MIT gitiyo ku yore mi kemikol mi loko carbon dioxide ni piny ma pire tek pi yubu moo. Mir acel, gi ketho i pii ma alkaline lee. Giyero sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ma julwongo lye. Eni nyayu timo pa kemikol ma wodhu sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), ma julwongo ni baking soda.
I ngeye gi ketho mac. Ker pa mac uketho timo pa kemikol manyen ma poko atom pa oxygen i baking soda, man eweko sodium formate (NaCHO2). Jam tic migi uloko CO2 — ma kadhu 96 percent — ni kadu eni.
Ker ma mitere pi kwanyu oxygen jugwoko i chemical bonds pa formate. Japonji Li onyuthu nia formate copo gwoko tego eni pi oro madwong labongo rwenyo tego pare. I ngeye ewodho mac ka ukadhu kud i fuel cell. Ka mac ma jutiyo kudu pi yubu formate uai kud i ceng, yamu nyo pii, mac ma juyubu kud i fuel cell bibedo piny ma leng.
Mi medo rwom pa diro manyen, Lee uwacu, "Umitu wanwang piny ma dongo dongo mi lye." Eponjo kit kidi moko ma julwongo ni alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Ka ju rubu gi ku pii, kidi eni gi doko lye.
Farzan Kazemifar ubedo jaradiru i San Jose State University i California. Lembe pare mi somo uketho cwinye ikum gwoko carbon dioxide i the ngom. Kwanyo carbon dioxide kud i yamu ubedu tek man ubedu tek, ewacu. Pieno eber ni loko CO2 ni piny ma jutiyo kudu calu formate. Bei piny ma jucul copo dwoko wel piny ma jucul.
Jutimo sayusac madwong ikum mako carbon dioxide kud i yamu. Ku lapor, dul pa ju ma gisomo lembe mi ngec i Lehigh University kawoni giweco ikum yore mukende mi jwigo yamu ma rac man loko ni baking soda. Jururieko mange gibe kano CO2 i kidi ma pire tek, ma gi loko ni carbon ma tek ma jucopo loko ni ethanol, kongo ma tiyo ku kongo. Pol pa tic eni gi nok man podi gipe ku adwogi madit ikum jwigo piny ma rac ma julwongo ni carbon dioxide i yamu.
Cal eni nyutho ot moko ma tiyo ku yamo ma rac ma julwongo ni carbon dioxide. Jam tic ma ju nyuthu keni loko carbon dioxide (molecules ma nwang i bubble makwar ku tar) ni kadu ma julwongo formate (bubble macol, makwar, tar, man macol). Kadu eni jucopo tiyo kudu i fuel cell pi wodhu mac.
Kazemifar uwaco ni yore maber uloyu utiye ni "juko yamo ma rac ma wok kud i ot." Yo acel mi timu eni utiye ni loko piny ma jucwalo ku piny ma jucwalo ku mac ma judwoko manyen calu yamu nyo ceng. Eni ubedo dul pa aloka loka ma ju ma gisomo lembe mi ngec gilwongo ni "decarbonization." Ento emedu niya juku aloka loka pa kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu bi mito yore madwong. Ngec manyen eni mitere pi mako carbon i kabedu ma tek ni decarbonize, ewacu. Kwany cuma mi cuma man cuma mi cement, pi nyuthu lanyuth aryo.
Jurutic pa MIT de gineno bero mi kethu diro migi manyen ku tego pa ceng man yamu. Battery macon juyike pi gwoko kero pi yenga madwong. Gwoko ler pa ceng mi cwir i kare mi ngico nyo pi kare malac mito yore mukende. "Ku formate fuel," Lee uwacu, dong ipe ku twero mi gwoko piny i kare mi oro. "Ecopu bedu pa dhanu mapol."
Ecopu bedu ngo calu gold, ento "acopo weko 200 tons... pa formate ni awiya para ma coo ku ma mon," Lee uwacu, "calu piny ma jupoko."
Alkaline: Lembe ma nyuthu piny ma nyayu hydroxide ions (OH-) i pii. Piny eni julwongo gi bende ni alkaline (ma tung tung ku acidic) man gitiye ku pH ma kadho 7.
Aquifer: Kidi ma copo gwoko pii ma piny. Lembe eni tiyo ikum pii ma piny.
Basalt: Kidi macol ma wok kud i got ma lyel mac ma pol kare tek (kawang got ma lyel mac ucwer uweko gas madwong i iye).
bond: (i chemistry) dul pa atom (nyo dul pa atom) i molecule. Juyike ku tego ma mako ikind atoms ma timo tic. Ka bond udaru timere, atoms timo tic calu piny acel. Mi poko atoms, tego ma calu lyethu nyo radiation mange umaku jumii i molecules.
Carbon: Piny moko ma nyayu kwo iwi ngom. Carbon utiye agonya i ayi pa graphite man diamond. Etiye piny mapire tek pa makaa, limestone, man petroleum, man ecopu timo tic ku kemikol matung tung mi kemikol, biological, man commercial values. (I lembe mi lembe mi kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu) Lembe ma julwongo ni carbon pol kare jutiyo kudu marom ku carbon dioxide pi nyuthu adwogi ma timo moko, piny moko, cik moko, nyo yore moko copo bedu kudu ikum lyethu pa yamu pi kare malac.
Carbon dioxide: (nyoke CO2) utiye yamu ma rangi pare epe, ma epe ku nguce ma lei zo giwodho ka yamu ma giyuyu ucwale ku cam ma gicamu ma dwong ku carbon. Carbon dioxide de wok ka juwango piny ma kwo, ikinde piny ma wok kud i ngom ma con calu moo nyo gas. Carbon dioxide ubedo yamu ma nyayu lyethu i polo. Yedi loko yamo ma rac ni oxygen nikadhu kud i photosynthesis man gitiyo ku yore eni mi yiku cam migi gigi.
Cement: Piny ma mako piny ario karacelu, ma weko gi doko tek, nyo glue ma gwai ma mako piny aryo karacelu. (Construction) Piny ma juyubu maber ma jutiyo kudu pi mako lum nyo kidi ma juturo karacelu mi yubu simenti. Cement pol kare juyike calu buru. Ento ka edoko pii, edoko lum macol ma doko tek ka etho.
Chemical: Piny ma juyike ku atom aryo nyo madwong ma gicokiri (ma gicokiri) i rwom man kit ma juketho. Ku lapor, pii ubedo piny moko ma juyubu ku atom aryo pa hydrogen ma ucungo ikum atom acel pa oxygen. Formula pa kemikol pare ubedo H2O. "Chemical" jucopo tiyo kudu bende calu adjective pi nyuthu kit pa piny moko ma wok kud i timo matung tung ikind piny matung tung.
Chemical bond: Teko ma mako piny ikind atom ma tek ma copo ketho piny ma gicokiri timo tic calu piny acel. Piny moko ma nyayu anyonga utiye magoro, mukende utiye matek. Bonds ceke nen ni mako atoms ku poko (nyo temo poko) electrons.
Chemical reaction: Lembe ma kwako loko kit pa molecule nyo kit pa piny moko kakare ni loko kite ma nen kudu (e.g., kud i piny ma tek ni yamo).
Chemistry: thenge mi ngec ma ponjo kite ma piny moko utiye kudu, kit ma gi nen kudu, kite ma gi tiyo kudu, man kit ma gi timo kudu tic. Jumaryek tiyo ku ngec eni ni ponjo piny ma jung'eyo ongo, ni dwoko piny ma pigi tek i wel madwong, nyo ni yubu man cwio piny manyen ma pire tek. (mi jamb moko) Chemistry de nyutho kit ma jamb moko tiyo kudu, kite ma juyike kudu, nyo kit moko pa jamb moko. Dhanu ma gitimo tic i kabedo eni julwongo gi chemists. (i lembe mi kwo pa dhanu) kero pa dhanu mi timo tic karacelu, bedo karacelu, man bedo kud anyonga ikindgi.
Aloka loka pa kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu: Aloka loka madit, ma rii pi kare malac i kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu iwi ngom. Eni copu timere kende kende nyo ni adwogi pa tic pa dhanu, ikinde wango piny ma wok kud i ngom man yweyu lum.
Decarbonization: nyutho loko lembe ma jutimo ku diro mi weko piny ma rac, tic, man piny ma nyayu kero ma wodhu yamo ma rac, calu carbon dioxide man methane, i yamu. Lembene utiye ni dwoko piny wel pa yamo ma rac ma nyayu aloka loka pa kite ma koth ku ceng ryeny kudu.
Mac: Woth pa kero pa mac, ma pol kare wok kud i wotho pa piny ma tiye ku kero marac ma julwongo ni electrons.
Electron: piny ma tiye ku kero marac ma pol kare wotho i ng'et atom; man de etiye piny ma tingo mac i piny ma tek.
Jaradiru: Ngati moku ma tiyo ku sayans man mathematic pi cobo peko. Ka jutiyo kudu calu wec, wec engineer nyutho yubu jam tic, piny, nyo yore moko mi cobo peko nyo yeny ma podi jutimo ngo.
Ethanol: Kongo, ma julwongo bende ethyl alcohol, ma en e piny ma jutiyo kudu pi kongo ma tek calu kongo, kongo, man kongo ma tek. Jutiyo kudu de calu piny ma nyayu lyethu man moo (lapor, pol kare ju rubu ku moo).
Filter: (n.) Piny moko ma weko piny moko kadhu man mukende kadhu, nimakere ku dit migi nyo kite migi mukende. (v.) Yore mi yero piny moko malubiri ku kite migi calu dit, pek, kero, man mange. (i physics) Screen, plate, nyo layer pa piny moko ma mako ler nyo radiation mange nyo ma juku piny moko kud i iye ni kadhu.
Formate: Nying ma dhanu zo tiyo kudu pi kadu nyo esters pa formic acid, ma ubedo kit pa fatty acid ma juyiko ku oxidized. (Ester ubedo piny ma tiye ku carbon ma juyubu ku loko hydrogen atoms pa acid moko ku kit organic groups moko. Moo madwong man moo ma pire tek utiye esters pa fatty acids ma nwangire kende kende.)
Piny ma wok kud i ngom: Piny moko ci, calu makaa, petroleum (crude oil), nyo gas, ma juyubu pi oro miliyon madwong i ngom kud i kum bacteria, yen, nyo lei.
Piny: Piny moko ci ma wodhu tego nikadhu kud i kemikol nyoke nuclear. Piny ma jucwalo (coal, natural gas, man oil) utiye piny ma jucwalo ma wodhu tego nikadhu kud i timo pa kemikol ka juwango (pol kare nitundu ikum mac).
Fuel cell: Piny moko ma loko tego pa kemikol ni tego pa mac. Piny ma pol pa piny ma jutiyo kudu ubedo hydrogen, piny acel kende ma wok kud i iye ubedo pii ma mol.
Geology: Lembe ma nyuthu piny ceke ma mako kit ma ngom utiye kudu, piny ma iye, lembe mukadho, man lembe ma timere iwi ngom. Dhanu ma gitimo tic i kabedo eni julwongo gi ju ma gisomo lembe ikum ngom.
Lyethu pa ng'om: Medu pa lyethu pa yamu iwi ngom pi piny ma wok kud i ngom. Adwogi ne wok ikum medu pa kadhiri pa carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, man yamu mukende ma wok kud i yamu, ma pol migi wok kud i tic pa dhanu.
Hydrogen: Piny ma yot uloyu kud i polo. Calu gas, epe ku rangi, epe ku nguce, man epe ku mac ma tek. Etiye dul pa moo madwong, moo, man kemikol ma yubu kum makwo. Etie ku proton (nucleus) man electron ma ubewotho i iye.
Innovation: (v. to innovate; adj. to innovate) Lokruok nyo medo ber pa paru, yore, nyo piny moko ma con kara edok manyen, ryeko, maber, nyo kony.
Lye: Nying ma pire tek pa sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Lye pol kare ju rubu ku moo pa lum nyo moo pa lei man piny mukende mi yiku sabun.
Jangeyo lembe ikum piny: Jagor ma ponjo ikum wat ma ni ikin kit ma atom ku molecule pa piny moko man kite ma gitiye kudu. Jumaryek mi piny copo yubu piny manyen nyo nyang ikum piny ma con. Nono kite pa piny moko, calu pek pa piny, tego pa piny, man kabedo mi lyethu, ecopu konyo jururyeko man ju ma timo sayusac mange ni yero piny maber pi tic manyen.
Molecule: Udul pa atom ma tiyo ku mac ma nyutho wel ma nok pa kemikol. Molecule copo bedu ku kit atom acel nyo kit atom matung tung. Ku lapor, oxygen ma ni i yamu utiye ku atom aryo pa oxygen (O2), man pii utiye ku atom aryo pa hydrogen man atom acel pa oxygen (H2O).
Pollutant: Piny ma nyayu rac pa piny moko, calu yamu, pii, dhanu, nyo cam. Piny moko ma rac utiye kemikol, calu yath mi neko lei. Piny mukende ma rac copo bedu radiation, ikinde utiye lyethu madwong nyo lero. Kadi lum ma rac man lei mukende ma nyai copo bedu ni yore moko mi biofouling.
Potent: Lembe ma nyuthu piny moko ma tek mandha (macalu thwol, thwol, yath, nyo acid).
Renewable: Lembe ma nyutho piny ma jucopo dwoko manyen (macalu pii, yen macol, lero pa ceng, man yamu). Eni opokiri ku piny ma judwoko ngo kendu, ma gitiye ku piny ma nok man ma copo rwinyo. Piny ma copo dwoko ngo piny ma nyen uketho i iye moo (man piny mukende ma wok kud i ngom) nyo piny ma nen ungo man kidi.