Lembe maeni utiye thenge mi wi lembe mi sayu lembe "Tiyu ku yath ma jwigo kwidi, kero pa yath ma jwigo kwiny man kwo pa lei ma jucamu". Nen lembe 13 zo
Organic acids umediri ni bedu piny ma juyenyo lee calu piny ma ju medo i cam pa lei. Nitundu kawoni, lembe ma pire tek utiye ikum gwoko leng pa cam, asaga ikum jwigo two ma wok kud i cam ikind winy man lei mukende. Organic acids mapol podi jubeponjo gi kawoni nyo dong jubetiyo kudu pi kelo lim. Ikind acid mapol ma jutimo i kumgi sayusac, formic acid utiye acel ikin gi. Formic acid ju medo i cam pa winy pi jwigo bedo pa Salmonella man two mukende ma wok kud i cam i cam man i ic ingey camu. Calu nyang ikum tic man adwogi pa formic acid ikum two ma wok kud i cam umedire, edoko yot ni bedo tiye pa formic acid copo nyayu yore moku i Salmonella. Lagam eni copo doko tek ka formic acid umondo i ic man timo tic ungo kende ku Salmonella ma dong ubedo i ic ento de ku microbial flora mi ic. Neno kendo ne bi ngiyo adwogi ma kawoni man kite ma jubi medo kudu sayusac ikum microbiome pa winy man cam ma jutiyo kudu ku formic acid.
I kind tic mi gwoko lei man winyi, peko utiye ni yubu yore mi gwoko piny ma weko dongo man tic maber man jwigo peko mi cam. I kare mukadho, miyo yath ma jwigo two i kadhiri ma nok uketho yot kum pa lei, bedo maber, man tic maber (1-3). Ku yore mi tic, juyero nia yath ma jumiyo i subinhibitory concentrations konyowa ni dwoko wang lembe pa dhanu ni kadhu kud i gastrointestinal (GI) flora man, i ngeye, kit ma gi timo ku dhanu (3). Ento, lworo ma ubetimere ikum nyai pa two ma wok kud i cam ma rwinyo ku yath man bedo ku winjiri ku two ma rwinyo ku yath i dhanu uketho juweko tic ku yath i lei ma jucamu (4-8). Pieno, dongo pa piny ma jumedu i cam man ju ma medo ber pa cam ma romo ku piny moko ma mitere (medo yot kum pa lei, bedo maber, man tic maber) utiye piny ma pire tek akeca kud i nen pa lembe mi somo man dongo dongo mi kuloka (5, 9). Kit piny matung tung ma ju medo i cam mi lei odonyo i soko mi cam pa lei, ikinde utiye probiotics, prebiotics, moo ma pire tek man piny mukende ma rwate kud i lum matung tung, man kemikol calu aldehydes (10-14). Piny mukende ma ju medo i cam ma jutiyo kudu i winy uketho i iye bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, competitive exclusion products, man acidic compounds (15, 16).
Ikind piny ma ju medo i cam, aldehydes man organic acids ubedo piny ma ju somo man jutiyo kudu lee (12, 17–21). Acids ma kwo, asaga short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gitiye piny ma ungeyere maber ikum bacteria ma nyayu two. Acids maeni jutiyu kudu calu piny ma ju medo i cam kende ngo pi jwigo bedo pa two i cam ento de pi kelo adwogi maber ikum tic pa ic (17, 20–24). Mi medo, SCFAs juyubu ku fermentation pa lum mi ic i ic man juparu niya gitiye ku tic ma pire tek i kero pa probiotics moko man prebiotics mi juku two ma jucamu i ic (21, 23, 25).
Pi oro madwong, short-chain fatty acids matung tung (SCFAs) unyayu nen pa dhanu madwong calu piny ma ju medo i cam. I andha, propionate, butyrate, man formate gibedo lembe ma juponjo man jutiyo kudu i kuloka (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Kadi bed ni somo macon ubedo ikum jwigo two ma wok kud i cam i cam pa lei man winy, somo manyen loko paru migi ikum bedo maber pa tic pa lei man yot kum pa ic (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, man butyrate ukelo nen pa dhanu madwong calu organic acid feed additives, ikindgi formic acid de utiye piny maber (21, 23). Lembe madwong jubedu ka ketho ikum gwoko leng pa cam pa formic acid, asaga ikum dwoko piny pa two ma wok kud i cam i cam pa lei. Ento, tic mukende de jubeparu. Lembe ma pire tek mi neno eni utiye ni ngiyo lembe mukadho man kite ma formic acid utiye kudu calu piny ma konyo cam pa lei (lanyut 1). I lembe maeni, wabe ngiyo kit ma formic acid tiyo kudu pi jwigo kwidi. Mi medo, wabe neno adwogi pare ikum lei man winy man wabi weco ikum yore ma wacopo medo kudu tic pare.
Cal. 1. Map pa wi lembe ma juweco pigi i nen eni. I andha, lembe ma e: ni nyuthu lembe mukadho man kite ma formic acid utiye kudu kawoni calu piny ma konyo cam pa lei, kite ma formic acid tiyo kudu pi jwigo two man adwogi pa tic kudu ikum yot kum pa lei man winy, man yore ma copo bedu maber.
Yubu cam pi lei man winyi ubedo tic ma nya wang ma kwako timo lembe madwong, ikinde timo tic ku kodhi (calu, poko piny pi jwigo dit pa piny), timo tic ku lyethu pi poko piny, man medo cam matung tung nimakere ku yeny pa lei (27). Ni lubre ku lembe ma tek eni, epe lembe mi ziazia nia tic mi yubu cam ketho kodhi i lembe matung tung mi kabedu ma podi etuc ungo i kabedo mi cam, i kare mi yiko, man i ngeye i kare mi tero man miyo cam i cam ma jupoko (9, 21, 28). Pieno, pi oro madwong, dul pa lei makwiny ma tung tung ungiyure i cam, ikinde ubedu bacteria kende ngo ento bende bacteriophages, fungi, man yeasts (9, 21, 28–31). Moko kuom piny ma rac eni, calu fungi moko, copo nyayu mycotoxins ma nyayu peko ikum yot kum pa lei (32-35).
Wel pa bacteria copo bedu matung tung man ucungo iwi yore moko ma jutiyo kudu pi poko man ngeyo microorganisms man kama juwodho iye sample. Ku lapor, kit pa jamb kum ma nyai copo bedu tung tung ma podi jutimo ngo tic ku lyethu (36). Kadi bende yore mi culture man plate plating umiyu lembe moko, tic ma kawoni pa 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) umiyu ngec matuc ikum dul pa microbiome mi cam (9). Kinde ma Solanki et al. (37) gi ngiyo microbiome pa bacteria pa kodhi ma jugwoko pi kare malac i bedo pa phosphine, yath ma jwigo lei, ginwangu niya microbiome ubedo tung tung ingey kac man ingey dwi adek mi gwoko. Bende, Solanki et al. (37) (37) unyutho nia Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, man Planctomyces ubedu phyla madit in kodhi, Bacillus, Erwinia, man Pseudomonas ubedu genera madit, man Enterobacteriaceae ubedu dul ma nok. Ni lubre ku poro lembe, ginwangu niya phosphine fumigation uloko wel pa bacteria ento uloko ngo wel pa fungus.
Solanki et al. (37) unyutho nia kabedo mi cam copo bedu ku two ma wok kud i cam ma copo nyayu peko mi yot kum pa dhanu malubiri ku nwangu pa Enterobacteriaceae i microbiome. Twoyo ma wok kud i cam calu Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, man Listeria monocytogenes jubedu ku winjiri ku cam pa lei man silage (9, 31, 38). Bedo pa two mange ma wok kud i cam i cam pa lei man winy podi ungeyere ngo. Ge et al. (39) utimo sayusac ikum cam pa lei ma kadhu 200 man upoko Salmonella, E. coli, man Enterococci, ento ginwangu ngo E. coli O157:H7 nyo Campylobacter. Ento, matrices calu cam ma muthwo copo bedu ni piny ma kelo two E. coli. I lubo tok acaki pa two ma wok kud i 2016 pa Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 man O26 ma mako two pa dhanu, Crowe et al. (40) otiyo ku whole-genome sequencing ni poro isolates ku isolates ma jucaku kud i cam. Ni lubre ku poro eni, ginwangu niya piny ma copo bedu eca ubedo mogu ma jumaku ku mogu ma nyap ma wok kud i cuma mi mogu. Piny ma nok ma nwang i moko mi nganu nyutho nia STEC copo kwo i cam pa lei ma pii manok. Ento, calu Crowe et al. (40) nen, poko pa STEC kud i lanyuth pa mogu tek man mitu yore mi poko pa immunomagnetic pi nwangu wel pa cell pa bacteria. Lembe marom mi ngiyo two copo bedu tek ni nwangu man poko two ma nyai ma wok kud i cam i cam pa lei. Peko mi nwangu copo bedu bende pi bedo pa two eni pi kare malac i kabedo ma pii nok. Forghani et al. (41) unyutho nia nganu ma jugwoko i lyethu mi ot man juyike ku dul pa enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, man O145 man Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, man S. Anatum) ubedu ma jupimo i ceng 14 man podi jucopo nwangu i yenga mir 24 ku 52.
I lembe mukadho, Campylobacter jupoko ngo kud i cam pa lei man winy ku yore macon mi dongo (38, 39), kadi bende Campylobacter jucopo poko kudu yot yot kud i ic pa winy man piny ma juyubu ku winy (42, 43). Ento, cam podi utiye ku bero pare calu piny ma copo kelo cam. Ku lapor, Alves et al. (44) unyutho nia ketho cam pa gwenu ma moth ku C. jejuni man gwoko cam i rwom ma tung tung pi nindu 3 nyo 5 ukelo dwoko pa C. jejuni ma kwo man, i kare moko, kadi nyai migi. Gi daru nia C. jejuni copo kwo i cam pa winy man, kumeno, ecopu bedu piny ma nyayu two i winy.
Salmonella ma nyayu two i cam pa lei man winyi ugam unwangu nen lee i kare mukadho man podi utiye piny ma jube timo pi yubu yore mi nwangu two ma tiyo i cam man mi nwangu yore maber mi jwigo (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Pi oro madwong, somo madwong udaru ngiyo poko man poko pa Salmonella i kabedo mi cam matung tung man kabedo mi cam (38, 39, 54–61). I ajiki ne, somo eni nyutho nia Salmonella copo bedu ma jupoko kud i cam matung tung, kama cam uai i iye, kit cam, man tic mi yubu cam. Wel pa two man kit pa Salmonella ma jupoko de ukoc. Ku lapor, Li et al. (57) unyutho bedo pa Salmonella spp. Junwange i 12.5% ​​pa 2058 ma jucoko kud i cam pa lei, piny ma jutiyo kudu pi cam, cam pa lei, cam pa lei, man cam pa lei i kind kare mi coko lembe pa 2002 ku 2009. Mi medo, serotypes mapol ma ju nwango i 12.5% ​​pa Salmonella ma ju nwango gi ubedo S. Senftenberg man S. Montevideo (57). I lembe ma juponjo ikum cam ma juyiko pi camu man cam pa lei i Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) onyuthu nia rwom ma malu pa Salmonella ubedo i cak rec, i ngeye ku cam pa lei, ku S. Mbanka man S. Montevideo calu serotypes ma pol. Feed mills de nyuthu kabedo mapol ma copo bedu rac i saa mi rubu man medu piny (9, 56, 61). Magossi et al. (61) gicopo nyutho nia kabedo madwong ma nyayu two copo timere i saa mi yubu cam i ngom mi Amerika. I andha, Magossi et al. (61) unwangu Salmonella acel maber i 11 feed mills (kabedo 12 mi kwanyo lanyuth) i ngom abora mi Amerika. Ni lubre ku copo pa Salmonella i saa mi gwoko cam, tero, man miyo cam kubang ceng, epe lembe mi ziazia nia kero madit ubetimere pi yubu piny ma ju medo i cam ma copo dwoko piny man gwoko rwom ma piny pa two ma nyai i kare mi dongo lei.
Lembe manok kende re ma jung'eyo ikum kite ma Salmonella dwoko kudu ikum formic acid. Ento, Huang et al. (62) onyuthu nia formic acid utiye i ic ma nok pa lei makwiny man nia Salmonella spp. gi copo wodhu formic acid. Huang et al. (62) otiyo ku dul pa deletion mutants mi yore madongo mi nwangu kit ma Salmonella virulence genes wok kudu man ginwangu niya formate copo timo tic calu diffusible signal mi ketho Salmonella umond i Hep-2 epithelial cells. I kare ma ukadhu, Liu et al. (63) upoko formate transporter, FocA, kud i Salmonella typhimurium ma timo tic calu formate channel moko i pH 7.0 ento ecopu tiyo bende calu passive export channel i pH ma malu nyo calu secondary active formate/hydrogen ion import channel i pH ma piny. Ento, somo eni jutimo ikum serotype acel kende pa S. Typhimurium. Penji udong nya ka serotypes zo gi dwoko wang ikum formic acid ku yore marom. Eni udong ubedo penji ma pire tek mi sayu lembe ma umitu judwoko wange i somo ma bibino. Ku paru pa adwogi ne, edong ber ni tiyo ku Salmonella serotypes madwong nyo kadi strains mapol pa serotypes acel acel i lembe mi ngiyo ka juyubu paru pi tic ku acid supplements pi jwigo Salmonella i cam. Yore manyen, calu tic ku genetic barcoding pi ketho dul ma tung tung mi serotype acel (9, 64), mio ​​kare mi poko tung tung ma copo loko adwogi man gonyo tung tung.
Kit pa kemikol man kit ma formate poko kudu copo bedu piny ma pire tek. I kind lembe ma juponjo, Beyer et al. (65-67) unyutho nia juku pa Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, man Campylobacter coli ubedu ku winjiri ku wel pa dissociated formic acid man ubedu ku winjiri ku pH nyo undissociated formic acid. Kit pa kemikol pa formate ma bacteria wok kudu de nen ni piretek. Kovanda et al. (68) uketho Gram-negative man Gram-positive organisms mapol man giporo minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) pa sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) man mixture pa sodium formate ku free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ni lubre ku wel pa MIC, ginwangu niya sodium formate ubedo ku kero ikum Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, man Streptococcus pneumoniae kende, ento ungo ikum Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, nyo Enterococcus faecalis. I ayi pa tung tung, rwom pa sodium formate ku free sodium formate ubedo piny ma juku ikum piny makwo zo, ma ukelo ju ma goro buku ne ni paru niya free formic acid utiye ku kero madwong mi juku two. Ecopo bedu ber ni ngiyo ratio matung tung pa kit kemikol ario eni ni nyang kani wel pa MIC rwate ku kadhiri pa formic acid ma nwangre i formula man dwokowang ikum 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia et al. (69) utemo rwom pa moo ma pire tek man acid ma kwo (macalu formic acid) ikum Escherichia coli, Salmonella, man Clostridium perfringens ma jucaku kud i opego. Gitemo tic pa acid abusiel, ikinde formic acid, man moo abusiel ma pire tek ikum opego, gitiyo ku formaldehyde calu lanyuth maber. Gomez-García et al. (69) unwangu MIC50, MBC50, man MIC50/MBC50 pa formic acid ikum Escherichia coli (600 ku 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 ku 2400 ppm, 4), man Clostridium perfringens (1200 ku 2400 ppm, 22), ma junwango ni tiyo maber loyo acid asidi ma kwo ikum E. coli man Salmonella. (69) Formic acid tiyo maber ikum Escherichia coli man Salmonella pi dit pa molecule pare man dul pare ma bor (70).
Beyer et al. uketho Campylobacter ma jupoko kud i opego (66) man Campylobacter jejuni ma jupoko kud i winyo (67) man unyutho nia formic acid pokore i kadhiri ma rom ku MIC ma jupimu pi organic acid mange. Ento, kero pa acid eni, ikinde formic acid, jupenje pien Campylobacter copo tiyo ku acid eni calu substrates (66, 67). Tic ku acid pa C. jejuni epe ku lworo, kum junyutho nia etiye ku metabolism ma nyayu ngo glucolytic. Pieno, C. jejuni utiye ku kero manok mi loko cam man ekwo ikum gluconeogenesis kud i amino acids man organic acids pi pol pa kero pare mi loko teko man tic mi biosynthetic (71, 72). Somo macon pa Line et al. (73) otiyo ku nen pa piny ma tye ku 190 pa piny ma nyayu lyethu man unyutho nia C. jejuni 11168(GS) copo tiyo ku acid ma kwo calu piny ma kelo piny ma nyayu lyethu, ma pol migi utiye ikind tricarboxylic acid cycle. Somo mukende pa Wagli et al. (74) nitio ku kit ma jutiyo kudu ku carbon unyutho nia C. jejuni man E. coli ma jutimo igi sayusac i somo migi copo dongo iwi organic acids calu piny ma kelo carbon. Formate ubedo piny madit ma mio electron ni C. jejuni pi kero mi yweyo man, kumeno, piny madit ma mio kero ni C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni copo tiyo ku formate calu hydrogen donor nikadhu kud i membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex ma oxidize formate ni carbon dioxide, protons, man electrons man tiyo calu electron donor pi yuyu (72).
Formic acid utiye ku lembe madwong ma jutiyo kudu calu yath ma jwigo kwidi, ento lei moko copo wodhu formic acid pi tic kudu calu yath ma jwigo kwidi. Rossini et al. (76) uwacu ni formic acid copo bedu piny moko ma nyayu acidic sap pa thwol ma Ray (77) ukoro oro 350 mukadho. Nicaku ku kare eno, ngec mwa ikum yiku pa formic acid i thwol man lei makwiny mukende umedire lee, man kawoni dong ungeyere niya tic eni utiye acel ikin yore mi gwoko piny ma rac i lei makwiny (78). Udul pa lei makwiny matung tung, ikinde winyo ma lak ungo, thwol ma nyap (Hymenoptera: Apidae), thwol ma nyap (Galerita lecontei man G. janus), thwol ma lak ungo (Formicinae), man ler moko (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), ungeyere ni giwodho formic acid calu kemikol mi gwoko kwo (78–88).
Ants copo bedu maber uloyu pi gitiye ku acidocytes, kabedo moko ma weko gi tiyo ku thwol ma juyiko ku formic acid (82). Twol tiyu ku serine calu piny ma kwong man gwoko formate madwong i gland migi mi thwol, ma jugwoko maber pi gwoko thwol ma gibedo i iye kud i cytotoxicity pa formate nitundu juyike (78, 83). Formic acid ma giwodho copo (1) tiyo calu pheromone ma lwongo winyo mange; (2) bedu kemikol ma gwoko kum ikum ju wadi man ju ma camu gi; man (3) timo tic calu piny ma jwigo kwidi man kwidi ka juporo ku resin calu piny ma jutiyo kudu pi gwoko ot (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid ma thwol timo utiye ku copo mi jwigo kwiny, ma nyutho nya ecopu bedu ni piny ma ju medo i kum dhanu. Eni junyutho ku Bruch et al. (88), ma umedu synthetic formic acid i resin man umedire tic pa antifungal. Lembe mange ma nyutho tic pa formic acid man tic pare i kwo utiye nia anteaters madongo, ma gicopo ngo ni wodhu acid i ic, camu winyo ma tye ku formic acid pi miyo igi formic acid ma romo calu acid mange mi digestion (89).
Tic maber pa formic acid i tic mi poto jubedu ka paru man juponjo pi oro madwong. I andha, formic acid jucopo tiyo kudu calu piny ma ju medo i cam pa lei man silage. Sodium formate i ayi ma tek man ma pii jukwanu ni ber pi lei zo, ju ma camu man kabedu (90). Ni lubre ku lembe ma gisomo (90), rwom ma malu pa 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg cam jubinyuto ni ber pi lei zo, man rwom ma malu pa 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg cam jubinyuto ni ber pi opego. Tic ku formic acid calu piny ma konyo cam pa lei jubedu ka ponjo pi oro madwong. Juyike ni etiye ku piny ma pire tek i kuloka calu piny ma gwoko silage man piny ma jwigo kwidi i cam pa lei man winy.
Jam piny ma ju medo i iye calo acids ubedo piny ma pire tek i yubu silage man gwoko cam (91, 92). Borreani et al. (91) onyuthu nia mi nwangu tic maber pa silage maber, mitire ni gwoko leng pa cam man gwoko piny ma muthwo madwong. Adwogi pa timo maber eni utiye dwoko piny ma rac i rwom ceke mi tic mi ensiling: nicaku i acaki pa aerobic i silo nitundu i fermentation, gwoko man dwoko silo pi cam. Yore moko ma pire tek mi medo kero pa silage mi poto man fermentation mi silage juweco pigi i kabedo mange (91, 93-95) man jubiweco pigi ngo i kabedo maeni. Peko madit utiye nyoth pa oxidative ma wok kud i yeasts man molds ka oxygen utiye i silage (91, 92). Pieno, piny ma kwo man piny ma ju medo i iye jukelo pi jwigo adwogi marac pa piny ma rac (91, 92). Lembe mukende ma juparu pi medo ikum silage uketho i iye jwigo nyai pa two ma copo bedu i silage (e.g. E. coli, Listeria, man Salmonella) man bende fungi ma nyayu mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack et al. (92) poko piny ma nyayu acid i dul aryo. Acids calu propionic, acetic, sorbic, man benzoic acids gwoko aerobic stability pa silage ka jumiyo ni lei ma camu cam ni juku dongo pa yeasts man molds (92). Mack et al. (92) poko formic acid ku acid mange man gineno ni acidfier ma juku clostridia man spoilage microorganisms ma gwoko leng pa silage protein. I timo, kit migi mi kadu ubedo kit kemikol ma pol pa dhanu timo pi gwoko piny ma rac pa acid ma kadu epe (91). Udul mapol mi sayu lembe de gisomo formic acid calu piny ma ju medo i silage. Formic acid ungeyere pi kero pare mi loko acid man kero pare mi juku dongo pa jamb kum ma rac ma dwoko piny protein man carbohydrate ma nwangre i pii (99). Pieno, En et al. (92) uporo formic acid ku acidic additives in silage. (100) unyutho nia formic acid copo juku Escherichia coli man dwoko piny pH pa silage. Jumedo bende i silage pi nyayu acid man organic acid (101). I andha, Cooley et al. (101) unwango ni ka silage juyike ku 3% (w/v) formic acid, tic pa lactic man formic acids ukadhu 800 man 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sample, kubang wadi. Mack et al. (92) udwoko wang lembe ma jugoro ikum silage additive, ikinde utiye lembe ma juwodho nicaku i 2000 ma nen ikum man/nyo uketho i iye formic acid man acid mange. Pieno, nen kendo eni biweco ngo ikum somo acel acel ento ebi ketho lembe moko ma pire tek ikum tic pa formic acid calu piny ma ju medo i silage. Unbuffered man buffered formic acid zo jutimo igi sayusac man pol kare Clostridium spp. Tic pare (carbohydrate, protein, man lactate uptake man butyrate excretion) rwinyo, man ammonia ku butyrate dwoko piny man dry matter retention medre (92). Tic pa formic acid utiye ku peko, ento tic kudu calu silage additive karacelu ku acid mange nen ni edaru peko moku (92).
Formic acid copo juku bacteria ma nyayu two ma nyayu peko i kum yot kum pa dhanu. Ku lapor, Pauly ku Tam (102) gi ketho laboratory silos ma nok ku L. monocytogenes ma tye ku piny adek matung tung (200, 430, man 540 g/kg) pa ryegrass man gi medo ku formic acid (3 ml/kg) nyo lactic acid bacteria (8 × 10/g/g) man cellulomes. Giwacu nia yath ario eno uketho L. monocytogenes udoko piny ma nen ungo i silage ma nok (200 g/kg). Ento, i silage ma muthwo (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes podi nenre ingey nindu 30 i silage ma juyiko ku formic acid. Dwoko piny pa L. monocytogenes nen ni ubedu ku pH ma piny, lactic acid, man acid ma undissociated. Ku lapor, Pauly ku Tam (102) ginwangu niya lactic acid man combined undissociated acid ubedo piny ma pire tek, ma copo bedu the lembe ma uketho L. monocytogenes unwangu ngo i formic acid-treated media kud i silages ma utiye ku dry matter madwong. Somo marom umaku jutim i nindo m'ubino pi two mange ma nyai calu Salmonella man E. coli. Lembe mapol ma jutimo ikum 16S rDNA sequence pa dul pa lei ma kwo i silage copo konyo ni nyang aloka loka ikum dul pa lei ma kwo i silage ma timere i rwom matung tung mi nyayu pa silage i bedo pa formic acid (103). Nwangu lembe pa microbiome copo mio kony mi ngiyo maber pi nyang ikum dongo pa silage man ni yubu jam medo maber pi gwoko ber pa silage.
I cam pa lei ma juyubu ku kodhi, formic acid jutiyu kudu calu yath ma jwigo two i cam ma juyubu ku kodhi ma tung tung man bende piny moko ma juyiko ku kodhi calu cam ma wok kud i kodhi. Adwogi ikum wel pa pathogens i winyo man lei mukende jupoko i dul aryo: adwogi ma nen ikum wel pa pathogens mi cam kende man adwogi ma nen ungo ikum pathogens ma bedo i ic pa lei ingey camu cam ma juyiko (20, 21, 104). Mandha, dul aryo eni gi rwate, calu dwoko piny pa pathogens i cam ucikere ni dwoko piny pa colonization ka lei camu cam. Ento, kit pa acid moko ma jumedo i cam copo bedu ni piny madwong, calu ve kit ma cam ne utiye kudu man kite ma acid ne jumedo kudu (21, 105).
I kare mukadho, tic ku formic acid man acid mange ma rwate kudu ubedo ikum jwigo Salmonella i cam pa lei man winy (21). Adwogi pa lembe maeni jukwanu i lembe matung tung ma juwodho i kare matung tung (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), ento lembe moko kende ma pire tek ma junwango kud i lembe maeni juweco pigi i lembe maeni. Somo madwong unyutho nia tic pa formic acid i cam ucungo iwi kadhiri man sawa ma jubedu kudu ku formic acid, kadhiri pa pii i cam, man kadhiri pa bacteria i cam man i ic pa lei (19, 21, 107–109). Kit ma cam pa lei man kama cam pa lei wok kudu de utiye piny ma nyayu aloka loka. Pieno, lembe madwong ma juponjo unyutho nia Salmonella levels Bacterial toxins ma juwodho kud i lei copo bedu tung tung ku ma juwodho kud i lum (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Ento, tung tung mi dwokowang ikum acid calu formic acid copo bedu ku tung tung mi kwo pa serovar i cam man lyethu ma cam ne jutiyo kudu (19, 113, 114). Tung tung mi dwokowang lembe pa serovar i kum yath ma acid copo bedu bende the lembe ma nyayu two pa winyi ku cam ma rac (113, 115), man tung tung mi gene expression mi virulence (116) copo bedu bende piny moko. Tung tung mi yio acid copo loko nwangu pa Salmonella i culture media ka acid ma jucwalo i cam jukwanu ngo maber (21, 105, 117–122). Kit cam (i yore mi dit pa piny) copo bedu ku matoke ikum bedo pa formic acid i ic (123).
Yore mi medo tic pa formic acid maju medo i cam de piretek. Kite ma acid madwong juyero kudu pi cam ma rac ma podi juyiko ngo pi jwigo peko ma copo wok ikum jam tic mi cam man peko mi cam pa lei (105). Jones (51) uketho nia Salmonella ma nwangre i cam ma podi juyiko ku kemikol ubedu tek ni jwigo loyo Salmonella ma nwangre i cam ingey kemikol. Thermal treatment pa cam ikare ma jutiyo kudu i feed mill juyero ni etiye yore mi jwigo Salmonella ikum cam, ento eni lubere ku kit ma cam utiye kudu, dit pa particles, man lembe mukende ma mako tic mi milling (51). Tic pa acid mi jwigo kwiny de ucungo iwi lyethu, man lyethu ma malu i bedo pa acid copo bedu ku adwogi maber ikum Salmonella, calu ma juneno i pii pa Salmonella (124, 125). Somo madwong ikum cam ma Salmonella-contaminated ucwaku paru niya lyethu ma malu medu tic pa acid i cam (106, 113, 126). Amado ku juwadi. (127) otiyo ku yub ma dit mi ponjo kit ma lyethu ku acid (formic nyo lactic acid) timo kudu i 10 strains pa Salmonella enterica man Escherichia coli majupoko kud i cam pa dhyeng matung tung man jubolo i acidified cattle pellets. Gi daru nia lyethu ubedo piny madit ma nyayu dwoko piny pa kwiny, karacelu ku asidi man kit kwiny ma jupoko. Adwogi pa tic ku acid podi utiye madit, ci jucopo tiyo ku lyethu ma piny man dwong pa acid. Ento, gin de gineno nia adwogi pa synergistic nen ungo kare ku kare ka jutiyo ku formic acid, ma uketho giparu niya volatilization pa formic acid i lyethu ma malu nyo adwogi pa buffering pa feed matrix components ubedo piny moko.
Gwoko kwo pa cam ma podi jumiyo ngo ni lei ubedo yore acel mi juku dongo pa two ma wok kud i cam i kum lei i saa mi cam. Ento, ka asidi ma nwang i cam umondo i ic, ecopu mediri ni timo tic pare mi jwigo kwidi. Tic pa yath ma nyayu two ma wok kud i ic copo bedu nimakere ku piny matung tung, ikinde utiye kadhiri pa acid i ic, kabedu pa ic, pH man oxygen ma ic, oro pa lei, man kit ma microbials utiye kudu (ma ucungo iwi kabedo pa gastrointestinal tract man dongo pa lei) (21, 24, 128–132). Mi medo, dul pa anaerobic microorganisms ma bedo i gastrointestinal tract (ma doko tek i lower digestive tract pa lei ma monogastric ka gidongo) giwodho organic acids nikadhu kud i fermentation, ma copo bedu ku adwogi marac ikum transient pathogens ma mondo i gastrointestinal tract (17–1921).
Pol pa lembe ma jutimo con ubedo ikum tic ku organic acids, ikinde formate, mi jwigo Salmonella i ic pa winyo, ma juweco pire i lembe mapol (12, 20, 21). Ka juporo lembe eni karacelu, lembe madwong ma pire tek copo bedu. McHan ku Shotts (133) giwacu nia miyo cam ma julwongo ni formic man propionic acid dwoko piny kadhiri pa Salmonella Typhimurium i cecum pa gwenu ma juyiko ku bacteria man juporo gi i nindo 7, 14, man 21 mi oro migi. Ento, kinde ma Hume et al. (128) ulubo C-14-labeled propionate, ginwangu niya propionate manok kende i cam copo tuc i cecum. Udong ni ngeyo ka nyo eni de utiye lemandha pi formic acid. Ento, kawoni Bourassa et al. (134) onyuthu nia miyo cam ma julwongo ni formic man propionic acid udwoko piny kadhiri pa Salmonella Typhimurium i cecum pa gwenu ma juyiko ku bacteria, ma juporo i nindo 7, 14, man 21 mi oro. (132) unwangu niya miyo formic acid i 4 g/t ni gwenu ma jukunyo i kare mi dongo pa yenga abusiel uketho S. Typhimurium i cecum udoko piny ma juporo.
Bedo pa formic acid i cam copo bedu ku adwogi ikum thenge mange mi ic pa winyi. Al-Tarazi ku Alshavabkeh (134) unyutho nia rwom pa formic acid ku propionic acid copo dwoko piny Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) ikum kodi man cecum. Thompson ku Hinton (129) gineno nia wil ma jucwalo ma julwongo ni formic acid ku propionic acid umedire rwom pa acid ario eni i kodhi man gizzard man ubedu rac pa Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 i in vitro model i thenge mi gwoko. Lembe eni jukonye ku lembe ma wok kud i Bird et al. (135) umedu formic acid i pii madhu pa gwenu ma jukunyo i saa mi kec ma jutimo mapodi jucwalo gi ngo, marom ku kec ma gwenu ma jukunyo gi kadhu kud i iye mapodi jucwalo gi i kabedo mi yubu winy. Medu pa formic acid i pii mi madhu ukelo dwoko piny pa wel pa S. Typhimurium i kodi man epididymis, man dwoko piny pa wel pa S. Typhimurium-positive, ento ungo i wel pa epididymis (135). Yubu yore mi tero piny ma copo gwoko organic acids podi gitiye ka tic i thenge mi ic ma piny copo konyo mi medo tic. Ku lapor, microencapsulation pa formic acid man medu pare i cam unyutho nya dwoko piny wel pa Salmonella Enteritidis i cecal (136). Ento, eni copo bedu tung tung ni makere ku kit lei. Ku lapor, Walia et al. (137) gineno ngo dwoko piny pa Salmonella i cecum nyoke lymph nodes pa opego ma oro migi 28 ma jumiyo igi cam ma juyiko ku formic acid, citric acid, man essential oil capsules, man kadi nya Salmonella udok piny i ceng mir 14, edwoko piny ungo i ceng mir 28. jugwoko.
Kadi bende somo pa formic acid calu piny ma jwigo two i gwoko lei ubedo ikum Salmonella ma wok kud i cam, podi lembe moko utiye ma jutimo ikum two mukende ma mako ic. Somo mi vitro pa Kovanda et al. (68) nyutho nia formic acid copo bedu ber ikum two mukende ma wok kud i cam, ikinde utiye Escherichia coli man Campylobacter jejuni. Somo mukadho unyutho nia acid ma kwo (calu lactic acid) man piny ma jucwalo ma juketho i iye formic acid calu piny ma jutiyo kudu copo dwoko piny Campylobacter i winyo (135, 138). Ento, calu ma Beyer et al. ukoro con. (67), tic ku formic acid calu yath ma jwigo kwidi ikum Campylobacter copo kwayu bedo moth. Lembe ma junwango eni utiye ku peko madit ikum cam ma ju medo ikum winy pi formic acid ubedo piny ma pire tek ma mio kero mi yuyu pa C. jejuni. Bende, thenge moko mi gastrointestinal niche pare juparu niya utiye pi metabolic cross-feeding ku mixed acid fermentation products ma juyubu ku gastrointestinal bacteria, calu formate (139). Neno eni utiye ku the lembe moku. Pien formate ubedo chemoattractant pi C. jejuni, double mutants ku peko i formate dehydrogenase man hydrogenase uketho cecal colonization udok piny i broiler chickens ka juporo ku wild-type C. jejuni strains (140, 141). Podi ungeyere ngo nia rwom ma kani ma medo formic acid ma woko nyayu peko i ic pa C. jejuni i gwenu. Kite ma formate utiye kudu i ic copo bedu piny pi catabolism pa formate ku bacteria mange mi ic nyoke formate ma jucwalo i ic ma malu, pi meno lembe madwong copo loko eni. Mi medo, formate ubedo piny ma copo bedu piny ma juyubu ku bacteria moko mi ic, ma copo loko rwom pa formate i ic. Kwan pa formate i ic man ngeyo pa formate dehydrogenase genes ku tic ku metagenomics copo mio lero ikum lembe moko ikum kwo pa formate-producing microorganisms.
Roth ku juwadi. (142) uporo adwogi pa miyo gwenu broiler yath enrofloxacin nyo jamb tic pa formic, acetic, man propionic acids ikum rwom pa Escherichia coli ma rwinyo yath. E. coli ma jupoko man ma rwinyo yath ju kwanu gi i lanyuth pa ic pa gwenu ma oro migi 1 man i lanyuth pa cecal kud i gwenu ma oro migi 14 ku 38. E. coli isolates jutimo igi test pi kero migi ikum ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, man tetracycline nimakere ku kare ma juyiko con pi yath acel acel. Kinde ma jupimo wel pa E. coli man juporo, kadi enrofloxacin kadi acid cocktail uloko ngo wel pa E. coli ma jupoko kud i ceca pa gwenu ma oro migi 17 ku 28. Winy ma jumiyo igi cam ma juketho i iye enrofloxacin ubedo ku rwom ma malu pa ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, man tetracycline-resistant E. coli man dwoko piny rwom pa cefotaxime-resistant E. coli i ceca. Winy ma jumiyo igi kongo ubedo ku wel ma nok pa ampicillin- man tetracycline-resistant E. coli i ceca ka juporo ku winyo ma jumiyo igi enrofloxacin. Winy ma jumiyo igi acid ma judubo de ubedu ku dwoko piny pa wel pa ciprofloxacin- man sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli i cecum ka juporo ku winy ma jumiyo igi enrofloxacin. Kite ma acids dwoko piny wel pa E. coli ma rwinyo yath ma jwigo ngo wel pa E. coli podi ungeyere ngo. Ento, adwogi pa somo pa Roth et al. gi rwate ku pa dul pa enrofloxacin. (142) Eni copo bedu lanyuth pa dwoko piny pa genes ma kwedo yath i E. coli, calu plasmid-linked inhibitors ma jukoro i Cabezon et al. (143). Ecopo bedu ber ni timo sayusac ma thuc pa plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance i gastrointestinal population pa winyo i bedo pa cam ma calu formic acid man ni medo dwoko lembe eni maber ni kadhu kud i gastrointestinal resistome.
Yubu pa cam maber mi jwigo two ucikere ni bedu ku adwogi manok ikum lum mi ic, asaga iwi microbiota ma nen ni ber ni dhanu. Ento, organic acids ma jutiyo kudu woko copo bedu ku adwogi marac ikum microbiota mi ic man copo nyayu peko ikum kit ma gikwo kudu ikum two. Ku lapor, Thompson ku Hinton (129) gineno nya rwom pa lactic acid udok piny i gwenu ma jupoko ma jumiyo igi acid mi formic ku propionic, ma nyutho nia bedo pa exogenous organic acids eni i kodi ukelo dwoko piny pa lactobacilli. Lactobacilli mi kodi nen calu piny ma juku Salmonella, man kumeno turo pa microbiota mi kodi copo bedu rac ni dwoko piny pa Salmonella i ic (144). Açıkgöz et al. nwango nia adwogi pa dul kum ma piny pa winyi copo bedu piny. (145) Tung tung moko ope ma ju nwango ikind lum mi ic nyo wel pa Escherichia coli ikind gwenu ma oro migi 42 ma madhu pii ma juyiko ku formic acid. Ju goro giwacu niya ecopu bedu pi formate ma jutiyo kudu i dul ma malu mi ic, calu ma ju ma timo sayusac mange gineno ku exogenously administered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (128, 129).
Gwoko formic acid nikadhu kud i kit moko mi encapsulation copo konye ni tundo i thenge mi ic. (146) unwangu niya microencapsulated formic acid umedire lee dit wel pa short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) i cecum pa opego ka juporo ku opego ma jumiyo igi formic acid ma jugwoko ngo. Adwogi eni ucwalu ju ma goro buku ni paru niya formic acid copo tuc maber i thenge mi ic ka jugwoke maber. Ento, lembe mange mapol, calu formate man lactate, kadi nya edoko malu uloyu ikum opego ma jumiyo igi cam ma jugwoko ngo, ubedu tung tung ku pa opego ma jumiyo igi cam ma jugwoko ngo. Kadi bende opego ma jumiyo igi acid ma jugwoko ngo man ma jugwoko unyutho mediri pa lactic acid wang adek, wel pa lactobacilli uloko ngo ku yath moko ci. Tung tung copo bedu ma pire tek ni lei moko ma nyayu lactic acid i cecum (1) ma juneno ngo ku yore eni man/nyo (2) ma tic migi mi metabolic ubedo ku matoke, ma copo loko kit ma lactobacilli ma bedo i iye timo lactic acid madwong.
Mi ponjo maber adwogi pa piny ma ju medo i cam ikum ic pa lei mi podho, yore mi nyang ikum lei makwiny ma nen maleng mitire. I kind oro manok mukadho, lubo rwom pa rwom (NGS) pa 16S RNA gene jutiyo kudu pi nyang ikum microbiome taxa man poro kit pa microbial communities (147), ma umiyu nyang maber ikum kit ma piny ma ju medo i cam man gastrointestinal microbiota pa lei calu winyo.
Somo madwong otiyu ku microbiome sequencing pi ni ngiyo adwogi pa microbiome mi ic pa gwenu ni medo pa formate. Oakley ku juwadi. (148) utimu somo ikum gwenu ma oro migi 42 ma jumedo ku dul matung tung pa formic acid, propionic acid, man medium-chain fatty acids i pii ma gimadhu nyo cam. Gwen ma juyiko ku yath ma julwongo ni nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium man juwodho ceca migi i nindo 0, 7, 21, man 42. Cecal samples juyike pi 454 pyrosequencing man adwogi pa sequencing jupimu pi poko man poro. Ikum zoo, yath ne unyayu adwogi marac ikum cecal microbiome nyoke S. Typhimurium. Ento, wel mi nwangu pa Salmonella udok piny ka winy udongo, calu ma jumoko ungiyo ku taxonomic analysis pa microbiome, man wel pa Salmonella sequences de udwoko piny ikare ma ukadhu. Ju ma goro buku ne giwacu niya ka broilers udongo, wel pa cecal microbial population umedire, ku aloka loka madit uloyu i gastrointestinal flora ma nen ikind ju ma jutimo igi yath. I lembe ma jutimo kawoni, Hu et al. (149) uporo adwogi pa madhu pii man camu cam ma jumedo ku jamb acid (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, man ammonium formate) man virginiamycin iwi cecal microbiome samples kud i broiler chickens ma jucoko i rwom aryo (1-21 ceng man 2-24 ceng). Kadi bende tung tung moku ikum cecal microbiome diversity nenre ikind ju ma jutimo igi yath i nindo 21 mi oro, tung tung moko ope ikind α- nyo β-bacteria diversity ma juneno i kind nindo 42. Ni lubre ku bedo ma tung tung ungo i nindo 42 mi oro, ju goro giparu niya bero mi dongo copo bedu ni kum yik pa microbiome ma tung tung.
Ponji pa microbiome ma nen kende iwi cecal microbial community copo nyutho ngo kama i gastrointestinal tract pol pa adwogi pa acid ma kwo i cam timere. Upper gastrointestinal tract tract microbiome pa gwenu ma julwongo ni broiler chickens copo bedu ma yot ni nwangu adwogi pa acid ma nwang i cam, calu ma jukoro i adwogi pa Hume et al. (128). Hume et al. (128) unyutho nia pol pa propionate ma jumedo kud i ng'om mange ugam ucungo i thenge ma malu pa ic pa winy. Somo ma kawoni ikum kit pa jamb kum ma kwo i ic de cwaku paru eni. Nava ku juwadi. (150) unyutho nia rwom pa acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, man propionic acid (HFP) uketho gut microbiota man umedire Lactobacillus colonization i ileum pa gwenu. I kare ma ukadhu, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) unyutho nia rwom pa organic acid mixture [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, man propionic acid (HFP) uketho gut microbiota man umedire Lactobacillus colonization i ileum pa gwenu. (151) uponjo kite mi mio cam ni gwenu ma jukubo ku jamb tedu pa formic acid ku propionic acid i kadhiri aryo (0.75% ku 1.50%) pi nindu 35. I thum pa lembe ma jutimo, juwodho lum, ic, dul aryo mi ileum, man cecum man juwodho lanyuth pi kwanu wel pa lum man piny ma wok kud i ic ku tic ku RT-PCR. I lembe mi tekwaro, dwong pa acid ma kwo uketho ngo wel pa Lactobacillus nyo Bifidobacterium, ento umedire wel pa Clostridium. I ileum, aloka loka acel kende ubedo dwoko piny pa Lactobacillus man Enterobacter, ento i cecum flora eni udong marom (151). I rwom ma malu pa organic acid, rwom pa lactic acid (D ku L) ubedo piny i kodi, rwom pa organic acid ario zoo ubedo piny i gizzard, man rwom pa organic acid ubedo piny i cecum. Ebedo ku aloka loka moko ope i ileum. Ku lembe pa short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), aloka loka acel kende i kodi man ic pa winy ma jumiyo igi organic acids ubedo i rwom pa propionate. Winy ma jumiyo igi acid ma nok unyutho dongo pa propionate wang apar i kodi, ento winy ma jumiyo igi acid ma nok unyutho dongo pa propionate wang abora ku apar abic i gizzard, kubang wadi. Medu pa acetate i ileum ubedo piny pa wang ario. I ajiki ne, lembe eni cwaku paru niya pol pa adwogi pa tic ku acid ma woko nen kamaleng i nyak, man acid ma kwo ubedu ku adwogi manok ikum dul pa lei ma kwo i ic ma piny, ma nyutho nia kit ma piny ma kwo i ic ma malu copo bedu ku aloka loka.
Mandha, nyang matuc pa microbiome mitire pi ni nyang ikum dwokowang pa microbiome i gastrointestinal tract. Nyamu lembe ma thuc ikum kit ma microbial taxonomy utiye kudu i thenge moko mi ic, asaga thenge ma malu calu kodi, ecopu mio ngec mukende ikum yero pa dul moko pa microorganisms. Tic migi mi metabolic man enzymatic copo bende ni nyutho ka nyo gitiye ku winjiri marac ku two ma dongo i ic. Bende ecopu bedu ber ni timo metagenomic analyses ni nyang kani bedu ikind piny ma nyayu acid i kwo pa winy nyayu bacteria ma "ciro acid", man ka nyo bedo man/nyoke tic pa bacteria eni copo bedu piny ma nyayu two.
Formic acid jutiyo kudu pi oro madwong calu piny ma ju medo i cam pa lei man calu piny ma medo acid i silage. acel ikin tic pare madit utiye tic pare mi jwigo kwidi ma nyayu two i cam man bedo migi i ic pa winy. Somo ma jutimo in vitro unyutho nia formic acid ubedo piny maber mandha ikum Salmonella man two mukende. Ento, tic ku formic acid i cam copo bedu nok pi wel ma lee pa piny ma kwo i cam man kero migi mi gwoko cam. Formic acid nen ni etiye ku adwogi marac ikum Salmonella man two mukende ka jucamu ku cam nyo pii ma madhu. Ento, lwiny eni timere i thenge ma malu mi ic, calu formic acid copo bedu piny i thenge mi ic ma piny, calu ma etiye ku propionic acid. Lembe mi gwoko formic acid nikadhu kud i encapsulation mio yore maber mi kelo acid madwong i thenge mi ic. Bende, somo unyutho nia rwom pa organic acids ber uloyu i medo tic pa winyi ma sagu miyo acid acel kende (152). Campylobacter in gastrointestinal tract copo dwoko wang lembe matung tung ni formate, pi en ecopu tiyo ku formate calu electron donor, man formate ubedo piny ma mio tego pare. Etie lembe ma nyang ungo ka medo dwong pa formate i ic copo bedu ber ni Campylobacter, man eni copo timere ngo nimakere ku lum mange mi ic ma copo tiyo ku formate calu substrate.
Somo mukende mitere pi lubo tok adwogi pa gastrointestinal formic acid ikum non-pathogenic resident gastrointestinal microbes. Wamaru ni ketho two ma nyayu two manangu wabe nyayu peko i kum dul pa gastrointestinal microbiome ma konyo dhanu. Ento, eni mitu nyang ikum lembe ma dongo dongo ikum kit ma microbiome pa dul pa microbial ma kwo i ic. Kadi bende lembe moko juwodho iwi cecal microbiome pa winy ma jutiyo kudu ku formic acid, mitire lee ikum dul pa microbial mi ic. Nwangu pa microorganisms man poro pa kit ma rom pa microbials mi ic i bedo nyo epe pa formic acid copo bedu lembe ma rwinyo ngo. Lembe mukende ma jutimo, ikinde metabolomics man metagenomics, mitere pi nyutho tung tung mi tic ikind dul ma rom. Kite ma kumeno piretek ni ketho wat ma ni ikin dul pa lei ma kwo i ic man kit ma winy timo ku tic pa formic acid. Ribo yore madwong mi nyang tic pa ic ucikere ni ketho yub maber mi medo acid man i ajikine medo rwom pa yot kum pa winy man tic maber man jwigo peko mi cam.
SR ukyewu wil eni ku kony pa DD man KR. Jugor ceke gitimo kony madit ikum tic ma jukoro i nen eni.
Ju ma goro buku eni giwacu ni nen pa lembe eni unwangu kony pa Anitox Corporation pi caku kyewo man wodhu wil eni. Jukony lim gibedo ungo ku twero ikum paru man lembe ma juyero i lembe maeni nyo ikum paru mi wodhu.
Jugor mange giwacu nia sayusac ne jutimo i kare ma lembe mi kuloka nyo lim ope ma copo bedu ni lembe mi turo cik.
Daktari DD mitu foc kony pa University of Arkansas Graduate School nikadhu kud i Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, man bende kony ma ubemedere kud i University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program man Department of Food Sciences. Mi medo, ju goro gi mito foc Anitox pi kony migi mir acel i kyewo wil eni.
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